Source of xylanase

Xylanases are widely distributed in nature and can be obtained from animals, plants and microorganisms. Xylanase is present in marine and terrestrial bacteria, marine algae, fungi, yeast, rumen and ruminant bacteria, snails, crustaceans, land plant tissues and various invertebrates. Microbial xylanases are widely found in nature and have a wide range of applications. Therefore, many studies on microbial xylanases have been reported. The most recently researched and applied are xylanase derived from bacteria and fungi. Among them, bacteria can produce alkaline and acid xylanase, while fungi can only produce alkaline xylanase. Among the fungi, filamentous fungi secreted the highest extracellular enzymes. At present, xylanase mainly uses microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria for fermentation production.

How xylanase works

Xylanases are a class of enzymes that degrade xylan, including β-1,4-endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-L-arabinosidase, α-D-glucose Glucuronidase, acetyl xylanase and phenolate esterase. It can degrade xylan hemicellulose which is abundant in nature. In the xylan hydrolase system, β-1,4-endo-xylanase is the most critical hydrolase. It hydrolyzes xylan by hydrolyzing the β-1,4-glycosidic bonds of xylan molecules, xylooligosaccharides such as small oligosaccharides and xylulose, as well as a small amount of xylose and arabinose. Beta-xylosidase catalyzes the release of xylose residues by hydrolyzing the end of xylooligosaccharides. In addition, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α-glucuronidase, acetylxylan esterase, and the degradation of arabinose side chain residues and phenol in xylan are also involved in the complete degradation of xylan. Side chain hydrolases such as phenolic esterase formed by acids (such as ferulic acid or coumaric acid), which act on glycosidic bonds between xylose and side chain substituents, and cooperate with the main chain hydrolase. Ultimately, xylan is converted into its constituent monosaccharide.

Application of xylanase

Xylan is the main component of hemicellulose in plant cells, accounting for 35% of the dry weight of plant cells. It is a rich biomass resource and the most abundant polysaccharide in nature except cellulose.

Application in paper industry
During the pulp cooking process, xylan was partially dissolved, denatured and re-deposited on the fiber surface, causing the pulp matrix to become clogged. Xylanase is a specific enzyme that degrades xylan. It only degrades xylan and cannot degrade cellulose. If xylanase is used in this process, part of the re-deposited xylan can be removed. This not only increases the porosity of the pulp matrix, releases the trapped soluble lignin, but also allows the chemical bleach to penetrate into the pulp more effectively. In this way, the bleaching rate of pulp can be increased and the amount of chemical bleaching agent can be reduced, thereby reducing the pollution to nature during the papermaking process.

Application in brewing and feed industry
Xylanase can decompose raw material cell wall and β-glucan in brewing or feed industry, reduce the viscosity of materials in brewing, and promote the release of effective substances. Non-starch polysaccharides in feed grains will be reduced, thereby promoting the absorption and utilization of nutrients, and thus making it easier to take soluble lipid components.

Application in the baking industry
β-1,4-xylanase can endogenously act on the main chain of xylan to produce xylooligosaccharides of different lengths and a small amount of xylose. It is the main enzyme in xylan degrading enzyme system. At present, no research report on the application of xylanase in noodle processing has been found, but because xylanase can hydrolyze pentosan, increase the water solubility of non-starch polysaccharides, and reduce their binding power with water, it can release a large amount of bound water. This water can provide starch and gluten, so that the dough forms a better gluten network structure, improves the dough’s mechanical processing performance, and improves the quality of noodles.

Everyone knows the benefits of fresh fruit juices, but no one having time to make fresh fruit juices every day, so the people want to store these fresh fruit juices at one time, for use it at later time.

Yes, you can store these fresh fruit juices at long time but the main question is how?

Let’s starting discussion, Are you facing trouble storing freshly made fruit juices? Do you want to know the different tips that can make it easier for you to store freshly made fruit juices at home? You can count on different hacks and DIY to get the best results in storing fresh juice through several videos and multiple websites. Additionally, these hacks will provide profitability and some awareness so that you can use them effectively in the future. Without further ado, let’s take a look at the list of useful tips that will effectively conserve fresh juices.

Have a good quality cooler:
High-quality coolers are also very useful for storing juices and food. This option is essential when you want your juices to be stored recently. Even if you want your fruit juice to be served after a day or two, you can count on a good quality cooler. A small freezer can be used under the counter if it does not have a vertical cooler, but you must adjust the temperature accordingly.

Use lemon juice in your fruity drink:
Talk about an effective hack and we have it. Squeezing a lime into your fresh juice will not only enhance its flavor but will also maintain the quality of your drink. Since most fruits have a unique, exotic flavor, they combine well with lemon juice, even a small amount will work. => Drinking Lemon juice before bed <= has natural health benefits and can help greatly if you are ready to cut the extra fat.

Put it in a sealed container/bottle:
It’s a common tip. You should always keep your fresh fruit juices in a sealed container or bottle so that they do not spoil until you want to have or serve them. A good quality sealed bottle or container can be found in any good store or online. There are hundreds of them. Even then, be sure to set your refrigerator to a slightly higher temperature to ensure the freshness of your fresh fruit drink.

Always use fresh fruit:
When buying fruit to make fresh juice, you need to make sure that the fruit is fresh. Even the fruit of a few days will not bring enough freshness. Therefore, do not compromise its quality. A good juicer will also be useful for extracting juice from the fruit. You have to look for huge quality centrifuges to meet your needs.

Freezing fruit juice:
If you think your guests will be arriving a week later or that you will be drinking lots of juice during the week, you can always keep them in the freezer for later use. Maintaining a refrigerator would be a good idea, but if you plan to have it after about a week, simple refrigeration will be of no use to you. Freeze the extra juice and remove it when you want to use it.

These simple tips will be useful for you and we hope you enjoy your fruit juices with maximum freshness.

Cosmetic surgery is a subset of plastic surgery that primarily aims to enhance a person’s appearance through surgical and medical techniques. It can involve various procedures, including hand surgery, reconstructive surgery for burns, and microsurgery, each tailored to address specific aesthetic concerns.

The Rise of Cosmetic Surgery in India
India has emerged as a global destination for cosmetic surgery, matching international standards in both expertise and technology. The country has seen a significant increase in demand for procedures such as breast lifts, breast reductions, tummy tucks, and rhinoplasty. Indian cosmetic surgeons are well-trained and qualified, offering cost-effective solutions that attract patients from around the world. According to a report by the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS), India ranked among the top countries for the number of cosmetic procedures performed in recent years.

Popular Cosmetic Surgery Procedures
Breast Augmentation and Enhancement
Breast augmentation, or augmentation mammoplasty, is a procedure that increases breast size using implants or fat transfer. This surgery is often sought after following pregnancy or weight loss to restore breast volume. Breast lift surgeries, or mastopexy, have become increasingly popular, outnumbering breast implants. These procedures remove excess skin and tighten surrounding tissue to uplift sagging breasts and reshape the breast contour.

Body Contouring and Enhancement
Buttock Augmentation: Also known as Brazilian Butt Lift, this procedure uses fat grafting or implants to enhance the size and shape of the buttocks.
Buttock Lift: This surgery removes excess fat and skin to firm sagging buttocks, often combined with procedures to correct flabby thighs.
Tummy Tuck: Abdominoplasty flattens the abdomen by removing excess fat and skin and tightening abdominal muscles. A mini tummy tuck focuses on the area below the belly button.
Body Lift: This comprehensive procedure reshapes the entire body structure, often following significant weight loss, by removing excess skin and fat through incisions and liposuction.
Facial Rejuvenation
Facelift: Rhytidectomy removes excess skin and tightens underlying tissues to correct signs of aging such as jowls and sagging midface.
Brow Lift: Also known as browplasty or forehead lift, this surgery enhances youthful looks by tightening the forehead and eyebrow area.
Neck Lift: This procedure addresses aging in the neck and jawline by removing excess fat and correcting muscle banding.
Rhinoplasty: Nose reshaping surgery corrects proportions and structural defects to improve facial aesthetics and breathing patterns.
Hair Restoration

Hair transplantation is a minimally invasive procedure that moves hair follicles from one part of the body to a balding area, restoring hair on the scalp, chest, beard, eyebrows, eyelashes, and pubic region.

Liposuction
Liposuction, or lipoplasty, is a popular method to remove stubborn fat deposits from various body parts, improving body contours for those with good skin elasticity.

Specialized Surgeries
Otoplasty: Ear surgery corrects deformities and achieves natural proportions, typically performed on adults or children over six years old.
Penile Implant Surgery: For men with erectile dysfunction or Peyronie’s disease, penile implants offer a solution to achieve erections.
Phalloplasty: This reconstructive procedure constructs a functional penis for men with congenital issues or for gender reassignment.
Reconstructive and Revision Surgeries
Breast Reconstruction: Following mastectomy, this surgery uses prosthetic material or tissue from other body parts to rebuild natural-looking breasts.
Scar Revision Surgery: This procedure improves the appearance of scars, making them blend with surrounding skin tone and texture.
Vaginal Rejuvenation: Procedures like labiaplasty and vaginoplasty tighten the vaginal walls and improve the vulvo-vaginal complex’s appearance.
Non-Surgical Enhancements
Full Face & Neck Thermage: This non-invasive treatment uses radiofrequency energy to tighten skin and improve facial contours without surgery.
The Cost of Cosmetic Surgery in India

India is renowned for offering cost-effective cosmetic surgeries without compromising on quality. The affordability of procedures in India, combined with the expertise of its surgeons, has made it an attractive option for international patients. For instance, the cost of a breast augmentation in India can be significantly lower than in Western countries, with prices starting from around $2,500, compared to the average cost of $6,000 in the United States, as reported by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS).

Conclusion
Cosmetic surgery has the power to transform lives by enhancing physical appearance and boosting self-confidence. With a range of procedures available, individuals can address almost any aesthetic concern. As the industry continues to evolve, it is essential for patients to seek qualified and experienced surgeons to ensure safe and satisfactory outcomes. India’s rise as a hub for cosmetic surgery highlights the global nature of this field, where quality and affordability meet to cater to the diverse needs of patients from all over the world.

Preterm birth is a syndrome caused by many factors such as infection, excessive dilation of the uterus, stress, drug abuse, and neuropsychiatric diseases. At present, the mechanism involved in initiating this process is unclear, but infection and inflammation are highly related to preterm birth, accounting for 25% to 40% of preterm birth cases.

The complement system, playing an important role in the inflammatory response caused by infection, is a natural immune mechanism that consists of more than 50 blood proteins. In general, the activation level of the complement system is relatively low. After activation, it triggers a series of enzymatic reactions to drive the inflammatory response and eventually eliminates pathogens.

Depending on the activation triggers, the complement system can be stimulated by three distinct pathways: the classical, lectin and alternative pathway. Disorders of the complement system can trigger excessive inflammatory responses and cause damage to tissues.

Complement components are mainly synthesized by the liver, but can also be synthesized in a variety of tissues including the placenta. A fully functional complement system is essential for maintaining host defense and protecting the fetus and mother from infection.

For example, the complement component 1q (C1q) is a protein complex that is involved in the complement cascade. C1q-knockout mice show abnormal placental development and spiral arterial remodeling, which leads to the reduced number and weight loss of litter, while showing preeclampsia-like phenotypes, such as high blood pressure and proteinuria. This study indicates that C1q is critical for pregnancy.

Other studies have found that complement activation fragments (such as C3a/ Bb) in circulating blood of preterm patients are significantly increased. Genetic defects in complement regulatory factors (such as CD55) will lead to over-activation of complement and recurrent miscarriage. In addition, there is increasing evidence showing that genetic mutations in complement regulatory proteins are prone to adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth.

Since scientists have found the association between complement activation and adverse pregnancy outcomes, how can we use it in maternal healthcare?

Research has found that adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with high levels of C3a are 3 times more than that in women with lower levels of C3a. Similarly, after controlling other preterm birth-related risk factors, those with elevated levels of Bb in early pregnancy are almost 4 times more likely to suffer preterm birth than the normal group, indicating that increased C3a or Bb as a predictor of preterm birth has great potential.

Regulation of complement activation can reduce its harmful effects on maternal and newborn infants. Currently, related targeted therapeutics can work by preventing complement activation or suppressing the result of activated complement components. However, whether these can be applied to pregnant women and how to evaluate the dose still need to be answered.

In terms of complement imbalance and preterm birth, more research is necessary in assessing biomarkers that can be used to predict various adverse pregnancy outcomes resulting from complement overactivation or complement deficiency. In addition, scientists are still trying to find out how to control complement activation to a certain level that can ensure the natural defense of the host, as well as the safety of infants.